CHRS — 10% of GB Home Gas Heat

   
   
23.7 TWh/yr heat delivered
   
≈ 16,500 × 800 m stacks
   
~4.36 MtCO₂/yr avoided
   
~2.07 M homes (energy basis)
   
~7.2 TWh/yr grid electricity (COP≈3.3, flatter load)
   
Invisible, shallow HDD; land stays usable; HIUs in homes
 
 

Utility Solar PV — 10% of UK Electricity

   
   
Target: 31.9 TWh/yr (≈10% of ~319 TWh)
   
CF≈11% → ~33 GW new PV
   
Land use ≈ ~83,000 ha (~827 km²) @ ~2.5 ha/MW
   
Large land take; visual impact; planning sensitivity
 
 

Wind — 10% of UK Electricity

   
   
Target: 31.9 TWh/yr
   
Onshore (CF≈24.5%): ~14.9 GW → ~3,700 × 4 MW turbines
   
Offshore (CF≈39.7%): ~9.1 GW → ~760 × 12 MW turbines
   
Visible infrastructure; foundations use significant concrete/steel; consenting & grid lead times
 

CHRS = The 4th Renewable: It Decarbonises heat (where most UK emissions are), with no visible land take. CHRS hits the heat sector (the UK’s biggest, hardest-to-abate demand).